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Objective: In this study, the effect of having had coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) disease on anti-vaccination was investigated. Material and Methods: The study was conducted between February 2022-August 2022 in the COVID chest diseases clinic in our hospital. The cases who were COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and not vaccinated against COVID-19 hospitalized in our clinic were included in the study. The level of anti-vaccination of the cases was measured with the Vaccine Hesitancy Scale (VHS). In addition, demographic informations such as age, gender, educational status, marital status, number of people living in the household, average monthly income, smoking history, and additional chronic diseases were recorded. Routine radiological and laboratory examinations, follow-up times in the clinic, and treatment results were recorded for cases like all patients hospitalized in our COVID chest diseases clinic. Results: 46 cases were included in the study. The mean age of the cases was 54.63+or-14.81 years, 24 (52.1%) were female. VHS was applied to all cases at the time of hospitalization. Since 6 cases were referred to the intensive care unit due to respiratory failure, the second VHS could not be applied to these cases, and these 6 cases were excluded from the study. A 2nd VHS was performed in the remaining 40 patients just before discharge. Each question score, A-B-C section score and total scale score were compared for the pre-COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 cases. While the VHS total score before COVID-19 infection was 36.48+or-7.36, the post-COVID-19 total score was found to be 25.65+or-9.10, a statistically significant decrease was observed (p < 0.001). It was observed that the mean scores of A-B-C decreased statistically in all sections (p < 0.001). Conclusion: As a result of our study, we found that the degree of anti-vaccine resistance decreased after the patients who were against the COVID-19 vaccine had the disease. As a result of our study, we found that the degree of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy of patients decreased after they had the disease. We believe that conducting similar studies and sharing their results through mass media, can change the perspective of vaccine hesitancy individuals in society on this situation, especially during pandemic periods.
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Regarding the investigation of the factors related to the hospitalization of patients with Mucormycosis after being infected with Covid-19, several preliminary studies have been conducted in the hospital, but these studies were conducted in a small environment and have a smaller sample size. Therefore, the aim of the present systematic review study is to examine the factors affecting the hospitalization of patients with mucormycosis after being infected with covid-19. Methods: The current systematic review study was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines (preferred reporting items for systematic seviews and meta-analyses). For this study, the keywords "2019-nCoV", "COVID-19", "SARS-CoV-2", "Coronaviruses", "Hospitaliz", "Factor" and "Mucormycosis" in MagIran, SID, ISI, embase databases, ProQuest, PubMed, scopus were searched. Results: diabetes mellitus, old age, high body mass index, kidney disease, high blood pressure and smoking significantly increase the need for hospitalization in patients with mucormycosis after contracting covid-19. Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that the risk of hospitalization due to Mucormycosis after the covid-19 disease is significantly related to obesity, old age and underlying diseases..
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BACKGROUND: Pneumomediastinum is defined as open-air in the mediastinum. Spontaneous pneumomediastinum (SPM) occurs when air leaks into the surrounding vascular sheath through small alveolar ruptures. CASE REPORT: We want to introduce 4 different cases with different outcomes. The first case was a 60-year-old man with a history of psychological disorders, the second case was a 41-year-old man with a history of hypertension (HTN) and asthma, the third case was a 50-year-old heavy smoker with no history of an underlying disease, and the fourth case was a 60-year-old man with a history of schizophrenia. They suddenly developed an exacerbation of cough, dyspnea, chest pain, and a severe decrease in oxygen saturation during hospitalization. Antibiotic therapy, corticosteroids, and high-dose oxygen therapy were administered to the patients. One of these patients died. CONCLUSION: All patients can potentially be at risk for this complication and have a good prognosis if diagnosed early and treated properly overall.
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Background: Smoking is a risk factor for the development and worsening of respiratory diseases, including COVID-19 infection. Smoking can increase the risk of the severity of COVID-19 by two times because in smokers there is an increase in the expression of the ACE-2 gene by 25% compared to non-smokers. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between smoking status and smoking index on the course of COVID-19 disease treated at Dr. M Djamil General Hospital. Method: An observational analytic study with a retrospective cohort approach on COVID-19 patients who were treated at Dr. M. Djamil General Hospital. Data were taken from January to March 2021. The relationship between smoking status and smoking index on the course of COVID-19 was analyzed by Chi-Square. Results: This study found the most age was above 50 years with a vulnerable age of 50-59 years (28.4%) and female gender (56.7%). Non-smoker status (64.2%) and moderate smoking index (51.4%) were the most commonly found in this study. Clinically non-progressive COVID-19 (53.7%) was the most common. This study found that the maximum length of stay for COVID-19 patients was less than 21 days (53.7%) and the outcome of patients recovered (62.2%). This study found a significant relationship between the smoking index on the clinical progress of COVID-19 patients and there was a significant relationship between smoking status and the outcome of COVID-19 patients. This study found that smoking status and the smoking index had no significant relationship with the length of stay of COVID-19 patients. Conclusion: Smoking status is related to outcomes in COVID-19 patients and the smoking index is related to a progression in COVID-19 patients treated at Dr. M. Djamil General Hospital.
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BACKGROUND: The association between tobacco smoking and the risk of COVID-19 and its adverse outcomes is controversial, as studies reported contrasting findings. Bias due to misclassification of the exposure in the analyses of current versus non-current smoking could be a possible explanation because former smokers may have higher background risks of the disease due to co-morbidity. The aim of the study was to investigate the extent of this potential bias by separating non-, former, and current smokers when assessing the risk or prognosis of diseases. METHODS: We analysed data from 43,400 participants in the Stockholm Public Health Cohort, Sweden, with information on smoking obtained prior to the pandemic. We estimated the risk of COVID-19, hospital admissions and death for (a) former and current smokers relative to non-smokers, (b) current smokers relative to non-current smokers, that is, including former smokers; adjusting for potential confounders (aRR). RESULTS: The aRR of a COVID-19 diagnosis was elevated for former smokers compared with non-smokers (1.07; 95% confidence interval (CI) =1.00-1.15); including hospital admission with any COVID-19 diagnosis (aRR= 1.23; 95% CI = 1.03-1.48); or with COVID-19 as the main diagnosis (aRR=1.23, 95% CI= 1.01-1.49); and death within 30 days with COVID-19 as the main or a contributory cause (aRR=1.40; 95% CI=1.00-1.95). Current smoking was negatively associated with risk of COVID-19 (aRR=0.79; 95% CI=0.68-0.91). CONCLUSIONS: Separating non-smokers from former smokers when assessing the disease risk or prognosis is essential to avoid bias. However, the negative association between current smoking and the risk of COVID-19 could not be entirely explained by misclassification.
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COVID-19 , Smokers , Humans , Tobacco , Public Health , COVID-19 Testing , COVID-19/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a highly curable B cell lymphoproliferative neoplasm with a bimodal age distribution. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in both sexes. We present a rare case of synchronous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the lung and mixed cellularity HL of the nasopharynx. A gentleman in his 70s presented with right-sided chest pain and shortness of breath. CT of the chest showed a peripheral lung mass, and a biopsy confirmed SCC of the lung. The patient underwent a positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) for staging that revealed an 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-avid mass in the nasopharynx. Flexible nasal endoscopy and biopsy of the nasopharyngeal mass revealed mixed cellularity classical HL. The patient was started on chemoimmunotherapy for lung cancer. Unfortunately, two months after initiation of treatment, the patient died from COVID-19 pneumonia and multiorgan failure.
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One of the biggest global public health crisis began in Wuhan, China at the end of 2019. That emergency was the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 and the disease COVID-19, a highly transmissible acute respiratory syndrome. The pandemic declaration by the WHO in March 2020 caused the world to take on several measures to combat and contain the virus. Initially, social isolation and lockdown were the main initiatives, as there were no forms of treatment or prevention of the disease. These restrictive measures generate a change in the habit of the population that triggered serious physical and psychological impairments. One of the consequences was the increase in the use of substances of abuse and, consequently, substance use disorder, including tobacco. During the pandemic, cigarette consumption increased from 10 to 30% worldwide, whereas smoking is the main cause of preventable death and a risk factor for several diseases. Along with alcohol, nicotine has a greater addictive power than illicit drugs. Substance use disorders and COVID-19 have a synergistic effect, in this way, we seek to integrate neurochemical, cognitive and behavioral aspects that led to increased consumption and/or relapse in nicotine consumption and the used therapy.
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The relationship between smoking and the lung damage volume in patients with a confirmed new coronavirus infection diagnosis, hospitalized in a temporary infectious hospital for the treatment of patients suffering from a new coronavirus infection and community-acquired pneumonia was evaluated. This was in the Odintsovo District's Patriot Park of the Moscow region. Smoking cigarettes, both active and passive, as well as exposure to tobacco smoke on the body, are important upper and lower respiratory tract infection risk factors due to local immune response suppression. Nevertheless, data from a number of international studies indicate a significantly lower number of hospitalized smoking patients compared to non-smokers. These indicators were investigated as the percentage and degree of lung damage, smoking history, the number of cigarettes smoked per day, and the smoker's index. In the course of the study, the data on a smaller percentage of smokers admitted to inpatient treatment were confirmed in comparison with non-smokers and smokers in the general population. There was no statistically significant difference in the volume of lung damage between smoking and non-smoking patients according to the chest organs computed tomography. At the same time, there was an increase in the volume of lung tissue damage, depending on the smoking experience. This is apparently due to the irreversible changes formation in lung tissue against a long-term smoking background. The median age of smoking patients was 56 years with a variation from 46 to 68 years. The minimum and maximum ages were 29 and 82. The median lung lesion was 32% with a variation from 23% to 39%. The minimum and maximum lung damage is 10% and 40%, respectively. A moderate correlation was found between the smoking experience and the volume of lung damage. An increase in lung damage by 0.309% should be expected with an increase in smoking experience by one full year. There was also no statistically significant difference in the number of cigarettes smoked per day and the smoker's index.
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Objective: To investigate the quality of life (QOL) of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) patients in the recovery stage of six months after discharge and to analyze the influence factors. Methods: Based on the COVID-19 case registration system whose establishment was led by Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Third Affiliated Hospital, 117 COVID-19 patients in the recovery stage hospitalized in designated hospitals of COVID-19 in Wuhan, Hubei Province from January 17th to March 17th, 2020 were taken as the research objects and were followed up for six months after discharge. The QOL of patients was investigated with the World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) face to face. The score of the QOL of patients with different clinical characteristics was analyzed and compared. The relationship between different clinical characteristics and the total score of the QOL of patients was analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis. Statistically significant factors were included in the linear regression analysis and the linear correlation equation of the total score of the QOL was obtained. Results: The total score of the QOL of patients in the WHOQOL-BREF scale was 75.79 +or- 13.80 points, the self-evaluation of the QOL was 3.20 +or- 0.78 points, and the self-evaluation of health condition was 2.60 +or- 0.79 points. The total score of the QOL of female patients, patients with high sequelae grade, and patients with history of smoking was lower than that of male patients, patients with low sequelae grade, and patients without history of smoking. The Pearson correlation analysis showed that the typing of the acute stage of COVID-19, sequelae grade, gender, and history of smoking were related to the total score of the QOL of patients at six months after discharge. The linear regression analysis showed that sequelae grade was linearly correlated with the total score of the QOL of patients at six months after discharge. Linear correlation equation was Y=94.179-9.153X. Conclusions: At six months after discharge, COVID-19 patients in the recovery stage were generally dissatisfied with their QOL and health condition. Their overall QOL was relatively low. It was affected by factors such as gender, BMI, underlying diseases, and history of smoking. And the sequelae symptoms had the most significant impact.
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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the immune antibodies in blood specimens of 95 health care workers vaccinated with inactivated 2019-nCoV vaccines and explore the rules and characteristics of production of antibodies after vaccination. METHODS: From Oct 2020 to Jul 2021, the venous blood specimens were collected from 95 health care workers of the 305 Hospital of PLA after the injection of 2 doses of 2019-nCoV vaccines fo30 days, 65 days, 91 days, 6 months and 9 months. SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobin(Ig) M, IgG and titers of neutralizing antibodies and total antibodies were detected by chemiluminescence immunoassay, the results of antibody tests were dynamically analyzed, the immune durability of the antibody, influencing factors and correlation were determined. RESULTS: Almost all of the subjects produced IgG, neutralizing antibody and total antibody, some subjects retained high level of IgM titer. Smoking could affect the production of total antibody. The subjects of the low body weight group produced higher level of IgG, and there was no significant difference when the weight was over 60 kg. The titers of the four types of antibodies decreased significantly at the following time points, and the positive rates of all the antibodies were less than 50% except for IgG after the vaccination for 9 months. CONCLUSION: Specific IgM and IgG, neutralizing antibody and total antibody can be produced after the 2-doses vaccination of inactivated 2019-nCoV vaccines. But the titers and positive rates of the antibodies decrease with time, which means the protective effects on the body decrease. Therefore, in order to improve the autoimmunity against novel coronavirus, one booster vaccination of an inactivated 2019-nCoV vaccine will be necessary after the 2 doses of vaccination for 6 months.
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Objectives: This study investigates dietary supplement intakes by examining the characteristics of dietary and health-related behaviors. Data were obtained from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Dietary and health-related behaviors were also examined before and after the occurrence of COVID-19 and household types (multi-members vs. single person). Methods: Data used in this study were collected from the 2019-2020 KNHANES by including adults aged 19 to 64 years. Pregnant, lactating, and subjects consuming calories less than 500 and more than 5,000 were excluded. Differences in dietary and health-related behaviors before and after COVID-19, and between the two types of households were analyzed by Chi-square analyses using Rao-Scott. Logistic regression analyses were applied to determine which dietary and health-related behaviors affected the dietary supplement intakes. In addition, descriptive analysis was run for demographic characteristics. Results: The dietary supplement intake rate differed significantly with respect to the gender, age, education, marital status, and household income. Dietary supplement intakes, frequency of eating out, obesity, and body weight changes were significantly different before and after COVID-19. In addition, meal evaluation, frequency of eating out, drinking, smoking, activity, subjective health evaluation, and body weight changes showed significant differences by household type. Attitude towards nutrition, activity, meal evaluation, obesity, and smoking were factors that affected the intake of dietary supplements. Conclusions: While increased intake of dietary supplements is a prevalent phenomenon, this intake needs to be monitored and studied closely, considering the sociodemographic characteristics and dietary and health-related behaviors. Furthermore, the dietary supplement intake trend after COVID-19 needs to be studied along with food intake.
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Objective: In this study, it was aimed to investigate the factors associated with the Covid-19 disease fatality rate of countries. Methods: The research is of ecological type. In the study, the relationship between Covid-19 disease fatality rates and variables like socioeconomic state, healthy life expectancy at birth, population ages 65 and above, cardiovascular disease frequency, tobacco use frequency, vaccination rates, Human Development Index, Gender Inequality Index and Global Gender Gap Index were investigated. Mean, standard deviation, median, minimum and maximum values were used to summarize data. Pearson/Spearman correlation coefficient was used to investigate the relationships and a linear regression model was established. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: One hundred and thirty countries with no missing data were included in the study. Twelve point three percent of these countries were in low socioeconomic state. The mean fatality rate of 130 countries was 0.016..0.018. A statistically significant relationship was determined between fatality rate and all variables except tobacco use frequency (p<0.05). All the variables were included in the multiple linear regression model established for the prediction of the fatality rate. Among these variables, Global Gender Gap Index was the only variable that made a statistically significant contribution to the model. Conclusion: Considering these variables in similar epidemic disease states that may occur in the future and improving the conditions related to these variables on a global scale may be important to ensure epidemic control. AD -..zt..rk, E. N. Y.: Ankara Pursaklar Devlet Devlet Hastanesi, Turkey, ..zt..rk, M.: Ankara Pursaklar Devlet Hastanesi, Turkey, Uyar, M.: Necmettin Erbakan ..niversitesi Meram Tip Fak..ltesi Halk Sagligi ABD, Turkey. elifnyildirim@hotmail.com
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This special issue includes 15 articles that discuss the mutagenic effect of tobacco smoke on male fertility;environmental and occupational exposure of metals and female reproductive health;free radical biology in neurological manifestations;paternal factors in recurrent pregnancy loss;mechanical dependency of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAAS) axis;a perspective review on medicinal plant resources for their antimutagenic potentials;asystematic review and meta-analysis of the impacts of glyphosate on the reproductive hormones;impact of ginseng on neurotoxicity induced by cisplatin in rats.
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INTRODUCTION. Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is a common symptom of COVID-19. In some patients, OD persists for many months, fluctuates during recovery or parosmia may occur. Knowledge about the prognosis of these patients is insufficient. METHODS. Data on chemosensory function and possible prognostic factors were collected through a baseline questionnaire and six follow-up questionnaires answered at 2-3-month intervals. RESULTS. One year after onset of OD, 42.0% of the respondents reported sustained complete recovery, 41.7% reported partial recovery and 2.4% reported no improvement of olfaction. Follow-up was unavailable for 13.9%. Parosmia, high severity of OD and female sex were associated with lower rates of recovery. Subjects who reported that OD had a high impact on their quality of life were less likely to recover within one month. Smoking, alcohol habits, BMI and physical activity were not associated with persistence of OD. CONCLUSIONS. High recovery rates were reported within the first months. Recovery of sensory function after more than six months with no prior improvement was reported. After one year, 97.1% of participants with at least one year of follow-up had reported at least some recovery. Recurring OD after initial complete recovery was reported by 24.5% of participants. Parosmia and severity of OD were associated with prolonged recovery rates. FUNDING. AF received research funding from Velux Fonden. The sponsors had no say nor any responsibilities in relation to the study.
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BACKGROUND: Despite the robust evidence of an excess risk of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity and mortality in ever smokers, the debate on the role of current and ex-smokers on COVID-19 progression remains open. Limited or no data are available on the link between electronic cigarette (e-cigarette), heated tobacco product (HTP) and second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure and COVID-19 progression. To fill this knowledge gap, we undertook the COvid19 and SMOking in ITaly (COSMO-IT) study. METHODS: A multi-centre longitudinal study was conducted in 2020-2021 in 24 Italian hospitals on a total of 1,820 laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 patients. We estimated multivariable odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) to quantify the association between smoking-related behaviours (ie, smoking status, e-cigarette and HTP use, and SHS exposure) and COVID-19 severity (composite outcome: intubation, intensive care unit admission and death) and mortality. RESULTS: Compared to never smokers, current smokers had an increased risk of COVID-19 mortality (OR 2.17; 95% CI, 1.06-4.41). E-cigarette use was non-significantly associated to an increased risk of COVID-19 severity (OR 1.60; 95% CI, 0.96-2.67). An increased risk of mortality was observed for exposure to SHS among non-smokers (OR 1.67; 95% CI, 1.04-2.68), the risk being particularly evident for exposures of ≥6 hours/day (OR 1.99; 95% CI, 1.15-3.44). CONCLUSION: This multicentric study from Italy shows a dismal COVID-19 progression in current smokers and, for the first time, in SHS exposed non-smokers. These data represent an additional reason to strengthen and enforce effective tobacco control measures and to support smokers in quitting.
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COVID-19 , Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems , Tobacco Products , Tobacco Smoke Pollution , Humans , Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects , Tobacco , Longitudinal Studies , Japan , Tobacco Smoking/adverse effects , Tobacco Smoking/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Tobacco use in individuals is influenced by numerous factors. In an ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, there is more focus on maintaining good respiratory health. In such a scenario, introduction of novel tobacco products such as IQOS with claims of reduced exposure may influence perceptions and uptake. IQOS is a prototype of Heated tobacco products (HTPs) which is recently approved to be sold in US markets. This study evaluates if tobacco product sales differed after emergence of the pandemic and if risk perceptions for COVID-19 and IQOS reduced exposure claims influenced harm perceptions and likelihood to try IQOS. Additionally, COVID-19 risk perceptions and association with switching to less harmful alternatives in current cigarette smokers was assessed. In study 1, Nielsen sales data was analyzed from 2017-2021 for cigarettes, cigars, smokeless tobacco, and e-cigarettes in New York State (NYS) and remainder of North-east states. STATA was used to generate interrupted time series models for evaluating difference in sales before and after emergence of pandemic. Results indicated that cigarette sales did not significantly change in NYS or north-east states. Cigar sales significantly decreased in NYS whereas no significant change observed in north-east states. Smokeless tobacco did not show any significant changes in sales in NYS or north-east. E-cigarette sales reduced significantly in NYS but did not show significant differences in north-east states. The products which showed significant changes might also have been influenced by simultaneous policy changes such as increased cigar taxes and e-cigarette flavor ban in NYS in year 2020. In study 2, we recruited 600 users and non-users of tobacco for an online survey. Participants were randomly assigned to see one of the six IQOS ads. They were then asked about their risk perceptions for COVID-19, perceptions of IQOS and intentions to use and purchase IQOS. No significant differences in product appeal or intentions to try and purchase IQOS were observed between different ad groups. Higher product appeal for IQOS was associated with greater intentions to try and purchase IQOS. Those who were less worried about contracting COVID-19, also expressed a higher likelihood of purchasing IQOS.Study 3 recruited 200 current smokers for an online survey. Participants reported their cigarette use per day. They were assigned to read and/or listen to one of the four randomly assigned narrative conditions, where test narratives had COVID-19 and IQOS advocacy component. Participants further performed hypothetical purchases in an online Experimental Tobacco Marketplace (ETM) where cigarette prices increased in 5 ETM sessions. Results showed that cigarette demand reduced significantly as cigarette prices increased in ETM. There were no significant differences between purchases made by different narrative condition groups. No significant substitution of cigarettes with IQOS was observed in ETM sessions.To summarize, COVID-19 does not seem to have influenced tobacco use behaviors significantly. Effect of pandemic on tobacco sales is difficult to separate from simultaneously occurring policy changes and evolving risk perceptions. IQOS may have a greater appeal with reduced exposure claims and may influence interest in its uptake in never or former users of tobacco increasing its abuse liability. However, a limited potential of IQOS to replace cigarette use in current smokers indicates its low appeal and ability to be used in harm reduction. These findings may have implication for regulation of IQOS products and permission to be marketed in US with reduced exposure claims in future. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)
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Background: Based on the reported cases, 16.9% of COVID-19 patients were accompanied by comorbidities. Hypertension and smoking are suspected to be one of the pathological determinants that play a role in clinical predictors that are predicted to cause a worsening of the patient's condition during the treatment period. This study aimed to examine correlations between hypertension, smoking, and severity risk of COVID-19. Subjects and Method: Meta-analysis was carried out using PRISMA flow diagrams. Article searches through journal databases include: PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar. articles used in 2020-2022. The PICOs in this study were, Population: COVID-19 patients, Intervention: hypertension and smoking Comparation: not hypertension and not smoking, Outcome: severity of COVID-19. The keywords in this study were "hypertention" OR "high blood pressure" AND "severe COVID-19" OR "severty COVID-19" OR "patient COVID-19 outcome" "cigarette" OR "smoking" OR "current smoker" OR former smoker" AND "severe COVID-19" OR "severty COVID-19" OR "patient COVID-19 outcome" Inclusion criteria were articles used in full paper articles with a cohort design, relationship size used with aOR, intervention given the association of hypertension and smoking on the severity of COVID-19. Eligible articles were analyzed using the Revman 5.3 application.
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The confirmed number of SARS-CoV-2 infections up to 18 October 2022 is 626 million worldwide, but information about factors affecting the probability of infection or a severe course of COVID-19 remains insufficient and often speculative. Only a small number of factors have been rigorously examined, mostly by retrospective or cross-sectional studies.We ran a preregistered study on 5164 Internet users who shared information with us about their exposure to 105 risk factors and reported being COVID-19 negative before the beginning of the fourth wave of COVID-19 in the Czech Republic. After the fourth wave, in which 709 (13.7%) of participants were infected, we used a partial Kendall test controlled for sex, age, and urbanization to compare the risk of infection and a severe course of the disease in subjects who initially did and did not report exposure to particular risk factors.After the correction for multiple tests, we identified 13 factors - including male sex, lower age, blood group B, and larger household size - that increased the risk of infection and 16 factors - including mask-wearing, borreliosis in the past, use of vitamin D supplements, or rooibos drinking - that decreased it. We also identified 23 factors that increased the risk of a severe course of COVID-19 and 12 factors that decreased the risk.This preregistered longitudinal study is of explorative nature. Therefore, although the observed effects were strong and remained highly significant even after correction for multiple tests, it will be necessary to confirm their existence in future independent studies.
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This conference proceeding contain 39 articles that discuss epidemiology in the US. Topics include the Millenium Cohort Study, The CRONICAS Cohort Study, religious beliefs, coping mechanisms and type 2 diabetes, spatio-temporal modelling of COVID-19, cigarette smoking and spinal pain, self-perceived health status and obesity, oral cancer and smoking, renal impairment and diabetes, depression and BMI, affordable housing and COVID-19, opioid misuse among youth, emotions and cancer prevention, influenza vaccination among adults, blood lead levels and private wells, and air pollution and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
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Objective: To evaluate oral hygiene habits and periodontal disease status with teledentistry and to compare oral hygiene and periodontal disease status according to the COVID-19 history. Materials and Methods: Patients who had applied to our faculty before the pandemic and were reached via teledentistry were included. A questionnaire consisting of 4 sections and 25 questions was administered through telephone conversation. Demographic information, medical history, smoking habits, and COVID-19 history (with [COVID(+)] or without COVID-19 [COVID(-)]) were questioned in the first section, while dental hygiene (DH), environmental dental hygiene (EH), history of periodontal disease (PH) were evaluated in the next three sections. The answers were scored in a way that increased values symbolize negative attitude. Taking into account the minimum and maximum values that can be obtained from the sum of the scores;DH, EH and PH scales with low, medium and high value ranges were created. The groups were compared in terms of the mean value from the scales and the distribution in the scale ranges.